ANGKOR WAT TEMPLE

ANGKOR WAT TEMPLE (The city, which is a Temple)
- Location : 6.5 kilometers, north of Siem Reap and South of Angkor Thom.
 - Access : enter and leave the temple from the west entrance.
 - Date : first half of the 12th century (A.D 1113-1150) the estimated time fro the construction of the temple is 37 years.
 - King : Suryavarman 2 (Paramavishnuloka).
 - Religion : Hinduism (Vishnu). - Art-style : Angkor Wat. 
- Restoration by Mr. Jean Commaille (1908-1911) and Mr. Henri Marchal (1932-1935) and Indian team (1986-1993).
 - Number of the workers: (385,635) and the sculptors ( 6,465) and the dancers (1,622) and the elephants (40,000) and the bamboo rafts (700) and the stone (estimation), (3,000,000,000 tones) and the Apsara (1,850) with 36 hairstyles.

 1. BACKGROUND
Angkor Wat is the largest monument of Angkor Wat Group and the best preserved, is an architectural masterpiece. It has perfection in composition, balance, proportions and bas-reliefs and sculpture can make it one of the 7 finest wonders in the world, the first one was:
 - Pyramid (Egypt) : the mausoleum of the kings (Egypt-keh-oab; Kah-chrea; Mehn-koarah) was located in the city (Kehr).
 - Hanging Garden Babylon (Greece): was built by the king (Nebuchadnezzar) for his wife.
 - Statue of God Zeus: (Greece at the Mountain-Oalangpichea), “made of gold and the elephant tusk”, which was built by an ancient sculptor (Phidias).
 - Anthemia Temple (Greece) in Ephese city).
- Coffin of the king Mausolee: at Halicarnasse and built in the reign of the queen (Ahntehmees) for her husband; king Mausolee. Today it is in the British museum.
 - Le Colosse De Rhodes (God): “315 meters high made of copper” in Rome at Rhodes city.
 - Light House (Egypt): was at Ahlehcsohngdhry harbor. All the above finest monuments of the world are in the poor condition; except the Pyramid and Hanging Garden Babylon, which remained intact. So they decided to make a new classification of the marvels in the world as following:
  Pyramid (Egypt): Babylon: (Greece); Great Wall of China; Eiffel Tower (Frace) Museum for storing the dead of king (Napoleon) (France); Learning Tower Pisze; name for the temple or monastery; which was probably added to Angkor when it became a (Theravada Buddhist Monument): most likely in the 16th century fro the etymology of the name Angkor. After the year 1432 when the capital moved to Phnom Penh; Angkor was cared by the Buddhist monks for sometime; and then left for 200 years from A.D 1664-1864. Angkor was the mausoleum of the king Suryavarman 2 and it formerly oriented to the west side to confirm the symbolism between the sunset and death. The bas-reliefs, designed for viewing from the left to the right in the order of Hindu funeral ritual, support this function. The plan of Angkor Wat is difficult to walk through because of the vastness. It’s complexity because both attract and distract one’s attention. Angkor Wat was originally stood on a high base with 3 rectangular levels. The first level is (187 meters wide by 215 meters long) surrounded by sandstone galleries contained the bas-reliefs like (Ramayana, Mahabahrata and Historic War). The second level is (100 meters wide by 115 meters long) and surrounded by sandstone galleries without bas-reliefs that used as a long hall for meditation by high priests. The third level is (60 meters for each side) supported the 5 towers. 4 towers are at the corners of Angkor Wat. This arrangement is called a quincunx towers. All the 5 towers had a conical shape and near the top like rows of lotus buds.

2. SYMBOLISM
Angkor Wat is a miniature replica of the universe in stone and represents an earthly model of the cosmic world. The central tower appears from the center of the monument symbolizing the mythical (Mountain Meru) that situated at the center of the universe. Its 5 towers correspond to the peaks of Mountain Meru. The outer wall (800 meters wide by 1025 meters long) that corresponds to the mountain at the edge of the world and the surrounding moat symbolized the cosmic oceans.

 3. LAY-OUT
Angkor Wat occupied a rectangular area of about 195 hectares (1.3 kilometers wide by 1.5 kilometers long) for the whole area. The temple was surrounded by a strong laterite wall (800 meters wide by 1025 meters long) with 4 gates and encircled and area of about 82 hectares. The first evidence of the side is a moat (Phokohrony) ( 190 meters wide and 3 meters in depth) and a vast rectangular around the temple with a perimeter of about (5.5 kilometers) with a long causeway (12 meters wide by 225 meters long and 7 meters high) crossing the moat and serving as the main entrance the temple. This causeway restored in 1960 by the French team. In front of the causeway, we can see a long covered gallery (235 meters) that known as the majestic gallery of Angkor Wat with square columns and a curved roof that extends along the moat from the left to the right with 5 passages, but 3 passages are in the center for the king and High mandarins and the other 2 passages on each end of the gallery that may have served as the passages for the elephants and horse-carts as they are on the ground level. Well! In the 3 main passages, each one of which had a standing statue of God Vishnu with 8 arms, but the one in the south passage was beheaded on 25th of January 1985. Continued westward we can see the second causeway (9 meters wide by 350 meters long and 1.5 meters high) was formerly bordered by a long sandstone handrail in the form of Naga banisters that divided into 6 pairs of staircases. Looking west we can see the celebrated view of the 3 towers of Angkor Wat that appear on the Khmer flag. On the both sides of the second causeway we can see 2 buildings that called libraries, which are in the shape of across and also symmetrical in plan. Not far from the libraries, there are 2 basins (50 meters wide by 60 meters long and 2 meters in high), but one basin on the left is always with water another on the right is usually dried in the dry season. At the end of the causeway which was originally bordered by a raised sandstone terrace in the shape of across, known as (The terrace of Honor) where the king viewed the procession and received foreign dignitaries or used as (The Landing Stage) for performing today for (The Ramayana Festival). From the top of the terrace we can see a fine view of the gallery on the first level, known as The Gallery of the bas-reliefs which (125 meters wide by 187 meters long) was formerly covered by vaulted sandstone roof that might have been supported by the sandstone pillars. The unit providing a link between the first level and the second level is the cross-shaped galleries. The unique architecture design consists of 2 covered galleries in the shape of across with square columns and a courtyard divided into 4 equal parts with paved basins and the steps that were used fro storing the rain water, but it is not used any more today. Some of the pillars had inscriptions written in Sanskrit and Khmer. On either sides of the courtyard there are 2 libraries of similar form but bigger than the first 2 libraries along the west causeway. The gallery of 1,000 Buddha on the right once contained many statues of Buddha but dating from the period when Angkor Wat became a large Buddhist Temple. In front of the gallery of 1,000 Buddha on the southwest that tells of a Japanese man (Oa-kah-you-oa-mah-tahk) wrote the poems on 30th of April 1932. The gallery on the left is The Hall of Echoes. The second level (100 meters wide by 115 meters long) is solid, not decorated, probably to create an environment for meditation by the priests and the king or used as a long hall for storing the statues of gods, kings or legendary personages. Angkor Wat had 1,850 Apsaras (female dancers) stood on the wall of the gallery offering endless visual and spiritual enchantment. These graceful and beautiful female dancers delight all the visitors. They were created by (The churning of The Ocean of Milk). When we walk closer and look carefully: we see that every one of the celestial nymphs is different. The third level was (60 meters for each side and 13 meters high) and formerly allowed the high priests and the king. It was the base of the 5 towers, one of which contained the most sacred image of the temple. The central tower contained the statue of God Vishnu and was walled up for sometime during the middle 15th century and at a later date; the south door was opened by Mr. Jean Commaille in 1908 and Mr. George Trouve excavated the central tower in 1934 below the surface about 23 meters depth and found around gold-leaf with diameter of 0.18 meter; its weight 650 grams and then fulfilled it up. There are 12 stairways with 37steps 3 stairway on each of the 4 sides of the base. All the stairways are really steep with narrow steps and worn out. Except one stairway on the west side in the center is slightly less steep than the other stairways. The third level; its space’s divided into across-shape area define with the covered galleries and 4 paved courts. A narrow covered gallery with a double row of pillars and the window and balustrades on the outer side, which surround the third level.

 4. CENTRAL TOWER
The main tower appears on a tiered base 40-42 meters high above the upper level. The highest of the 5 towers; it is equal in height to (The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris). It sheltered the sacred image of the temple. It originally had 4 porches which opening to the 4 cardinal directions.

 5. GALLERY OF BAS-RELIEF
 (Helen Churchill Candee 1920) wrote the bas-reliefs, surrounding the first level contained 1,200 square meters of sandstone carvings. The bas-reliefs covered the most of the inner wall of all 4 sides of the gallery and extend for 2 meters high from the top to the bottom. The bas-reliefs are divided into 8 sections theme. There are 2 pavilions at the corners of the west gallery; which have the variety of scenes. The composition of the bas-reliefs can be divided into 2 types:
 - Scene without any attempt to contain or separate the contents.
 - Scene contained in panels; which are something superimposed on another. This type is probably carved later. The panels that run horizontally along the wall and generally consisted of 2 or 3 parts. Sometimes the borders at the top and the bottom are also decorated. Themes for the bas-reliefs derived from 2 main sources, Indian Epic and Sacred Books warfare of Angkor Period. Well! The word (Bas) means “low or shallow” and refers to the degree of projection of the carvings.

 A. WEST GALLERY
 (south part, 50 meters long) Many of these bas-reliefs shine with almost glassed like smoothness, many pilgrims who are rubbing their hands ran over the bas-reliefs. This battle scene is the main subject the Hindu Epic (Mahabharata). It recalls the historic war in (Kurukshetra), a province in India and depicts the battle between rival enemies who are cousins (Kauravas and Pandavas). It took time for 18 days. The general of Kauravas is Bishma (nearly 1,000 years olds), one of the heroes of the Mahabharata; pierced with arrows, was dying and his men surrounded him. The armies of the gallery where they meet in combat. The scene begins with infantry marching into the battlefield and jesters playing a rhythmic cadence. The battlefield is the scene of deadly and bloody combat and many dead soldiers. High ranking officers and generals are represented in a large size in chariots or on the elephants and horses in order to oversee the battle. God Vishnu intervenes in his incarnation as the four-armed (Krishna) as the charioteer of (Arjuna) who was the general of (Pandavas) army. A final victory of god (Pandavas) is over devil (Kauravas).
 I. SOUTHWEST PAVILLION The bas-reliefs in this corner pavilion depicted scenes from the life of Krishma (Mahabharata) and Indian Epics (Ramayana).
 II. EAST PART - Left hand side : the water festival 2 ships with decoration and in the sky we can see the flying Apsaras and some chess players on the ship. And on the right : we can see the chock fight that is still popular in Cambodia today. - Center above the door : we see Vishnu receiving some offerings from his devotees. - Right hand side : God Siva is meditation on the top of the mountain among his devotees and in the grotto we see some hermits are in meditation and some wild animals lived on the mountain. This part is badly eroded.
 III. WEST PART - Left hand side : Siva with his wife (Parvati) on “The Mountain in Kailasa” and below them we can also see a strange character is the demon (Ravana) trying to shake the mountain. - Center above the door : being a small boy; Krishna was naughty, teased his companions, but he protected them, was attached at the first to a tree as a punishment from his adoptive mother (Yasoda). He uprooted the tree that god incarnated. - Right hand side : Ravana disguised the form of a lizard sitting on the door-frame of Indra’s palace in order to repeat the on-off key spelled by Indra when he left for meditation. When Ravana presented himself into the palace and had a sex with (Bhagavathi), Indra’s wife. She surprised by disguised Indra but she go no idea. Finally she realized and killed herself for humiliation.
 IV. NORTH PART - Left hand side : scene of Vishnu legend, The Churning of the Ocean of Milk for extraction Amrita (Liquor of Immortality). We can also see the gods and the demons hold a snake (Vasuki) and the upper part (The Sun and The Moon). - Center above the door : Rama is the seventh incarnation of Vishnu killed (Maharica), who transformed as a golden stag in order to let Ravana abducts Sita. - Right hand side : Krishna, accompanied by his older brother (Balarama), who lifts The Mountain Govardhana to shelter the shepherds and the herds from the storm ignited by the anger of god Indra.
 V. SOUTH PART - Left hand side : (Ramayana Story) the fight between 2 enemy brothers, Valin and Sugriva, who later became one of Rama’s followers and was instructed to fight against his brother. At first attempt Valin won the battle and Sugriva was defeated. To recover his shamefulness, he sought help from Rama who accepted his request without delay and told Sugriva to put on any dress that would distinguish from the former. In the second fight Valin gained the upper hand and captured him as the former was ready to cut off the head of Sugriva. Rama was intervening in the struggle, sent off his magic arrow and killed Valin. Why did they kill each other? Well! The story goes on as follow: Valin, monkey king ruled the country with his younger brother, Sugriva. One day Valin met Tupi (The water buffalo son of Mahisaso). The fight was going on and on neither sidewon nor lost. Then they settle to fight in a cave, where Valin told Sugriva to block up the entrance when he saw the red blood (Valin’s blood) blasting out. Well! Unfortunately, when the struggle was going on, it rained to so heavily that Sugriva mistook Tupi’s blood (dark-red), which can dilute with rain becoming red and immediately killed his brother. Valin, with not controlling temper and did not know the fact hit Sugriva with one of his shoes that brought him on upset. And below, Valin died in his wife’s arms Tara with 3 pointed headdresses. - Center above the door : depicted Vishnu in the deep forest amongst the animals. - Right hand side : Siva made his meditation on the peak of the mountain called (Himalayas) with his wife (Parvati) on his side, was attempted to disturb by Kamadeva, god of love who shot one of his flowery arrows into Siva’s heart. A moment later, he is angry and shooting a fire-ray from his frontal eye, reducing Kamadeva to be ashes. So we can see his dead in his wife’s arm Rati.

 B. SOUTH GALLERY (West part, 94 meters long) (The army of king Suryavarman 2)
This gallery depicted a splendid triumphal procession, from a battlefield between the Khmer and their enemy (Joun dhayveit) in the year 1150 and it also shows the Khmer history. At the beginning of the gallery, we can see king Suryavarman 2 sits on a lower throne and nest to his, is his high mandarin named (Krivadhana) and the royal fortune-teller. King Suryavarman 2 was under the posthumous name (Paramavishnuloka) and also tell the royal procession on the mountain called (Shivapada) and the royal generals are riding on the elephants, their ranks were recognized by the number of parasols. Those generals are: 
- Preah-komdheng-agne-sri-vara-singha-varman. P-k-Dhonjaya.
- Preah-komdheng-agne-kak-molak-sri. P-k-kunna-kustah-kahvandh. 
- P-k-sri-jayondhra-varman. P-k-sri-verayndhra-dhipahdhay-varman.
- P-k-sri-vireak-yudhea-varman. P-k-sri-jaya-yudhea-varman. - P-k-sri-phakeh-phaktindhra-varman. P-k-sri-ronak-varak-varman.
- P-k-sri-rajashinha-varma. P-k-sri-varendhra-dhipahdhay-varman.
 - P-k-sri-narak-bha-kindhra-varman. P-k-sri-surya-varman. 
- P-k-sri-parama-vishnuka Suryavarman2. P-k-sri-tahk-molahk-sri-vahdhahnahk. 
- P-k-sri-rajendra-varman. The high priests procession. Preah-pleong, god of fire. 
- P-k-sri-maha-sehnah-dhipahdhay-sri-varenhndra-varman.
- P-k-sri-shinha-vara-varman. P-k-sri-jaya-shinha-varman.
 - Phamahgne-chehng-chahlahk; (Thai leader). He had joined the Khmer procession.
 - The end of the gallery : the military procession resumes with a troop of Thai soldiers (pleated skirts with floral pattern belts with long pendants), plaited hair, headdress with plumes and short moustaches led by their commanders are on the elephants. They were probably either mercenaries of a contingent from (Louvo), today it is called (Lopburi province), conscripted to the Khmer army. A small inscription under the Thai leader was chiseled off in the year 1982.

 C. SOUTH GALLERY (East part, 66 meters long) (Judgment of god Yama, Hell, Earth, Heaven)
It felt down in 1947 was restored by French man (Jacques Lagisquet 1935-1936 and Henri Marchal 1916-1933) in the year 1950 with a Khmer site director (Ith Svay). It had 3 tiers recounted the judgment of mankind by god Yama. 3 tiers depicted (The Hell, Earth, Hearven). The inscription identified (37 heavens and 32 hells) with scenes of tortures. Further a head we see god Yama (supreme judge) with 18 arms carried the holy sticks, pointed out to his assistants (Dharma and Shitragupta) who are snatching those who had committed sin to take the punishment. The upper tier could represent the Heaven and the middle tier is Eart, and the lower one is Hell. Yama was sitting on the water buffalo and ordered his 2 assistants to send those who committed the offense to punishment. There is a variety of the punishment such as: The glutton was cut his teeth. Those who debased the virtue or good deed of the other had his bone broken. The rice-thief was afflicted at the belly with barbecued rod. Those who abducted or raped or married his teacher’s wife had to climb a tree of thorn. Those who plucked or picked the flowers in the garden of god Siva had his head nailed. And the torture into the sewage. Torture by tongue with red pincers. Torture by suspension. Torture by dropping into the caldron water. Some were iron-shackles and arm-cuffs. Some imps were hog-tied. The mid-wife aborted the off-spring that they had to be chocked.

 D. EAST GALLERY (South part, 50 meters long) (The Churning of the Ocean of Milk)
The bas-relief of this gallery is famous and depicts the Indian Epics “Bagavata Pourana”. The gods and demons churned the ocean to generate Amrita (The elixir of life). The purpose of the Churning of the Ocean of Milk is to recover the lost treasures such as (The flower, the elephant with 3 heads calls “Airavana”, the colt “Uchaya-shravah”, Lakshmi “Apsara, Amrita). Those objects can symbolize the prosperity. The Churning of the Ocean of Milk took time during the second incarnation of Vishnu, Kuma as a tortoise. The gallery divided into 3 tiers as:
 - The lower tier : shows various aquatic animals real and mythical were snapped up and torn up to many pieces by the turbulent waves of the churning and was bordered by the serpent Vasuki laid on the bed of the ocean.
 - The middle tier : identifies a row of 92 demons with round bulging eyes at the heard of the snake and 88 gods with sharp eye at the tail. The demons and gods directed by 3 persons identified by bigger size.
 - Upper tier : reveal the flying Apsara. The demons and gods work together to churn the Ocean of Milk by a large cord in the form of the body of the serpent Vasuki acts as a stirring instrument to churn the Ocean. (The Mountain Mandara) which was uses as a pivot for the churning. The Churning of Ocean of Milk took time for over 1,000 years, Mountain Mandara had sunk down, god Vishnu was the referee in the form of human being under the name of (Caturbhyja) with 4 arms, immediately transformed into a tortoise (Kuma) offered the back of his shell as a base to support it so that they can complete the struggle. Indra is on the top of the mountain in order to hold it. At the tail of the serpent we see (Chumpupieno: monkey king) who tickles the serpent. The churning provokes the serpent to vomit the mortal venom (Hala-hala) which covers the waves of the ocean. It may destroy the gods and the demons, god Brahma intervenes and requests god Siva to devour and drink the venom, which burns and turns Siva’s throat green that he could be called (Nilakantha). Finally Asuras attempted Amrita, but the god Vishnu discovered and appeared in the form of a fish (Matya) a bewitching girl to deceive the Asuras for gods. Rahu, disguised and joined the gods so that to have a drink, but unfortuanately, he was seen by Surya and Chandra who informed Vishnu. Without delay he threw his disc that cut off Rahu’s head. That’s why Rahu has to bear malice with Surya and Chandra forever and ever. At the both ends of the gallery the troop, attendants, elephants and horses of the participants were already.

 E. INSCRIPTION There is an interesting inscription of the early 18th century when Angkor Wat became a Buddhist Monastery. It tells of a provincial governor who built a small tomb of laterite where he deposited the bone of his wife and children. The structure is in poor condition but recognizable in its original location directly in front of the inscription.

 F. EAST GALLERY (North part, 52 meters long) (Victory of Vishnu over the demons) It depicted the victory of god Vishnu over the demons. This gallery was probable completely carved at a later date perhaps 15th century or 16th century in 1546-12566 in the reign of king Ang Chhanraja 1 (1516-1566). There was another king (Samdech-angah-rahks-varman-rajadhiraja-rama-dhipahdhay-varman) that could order another king (Preah-mahithea-raja) who was the royal sculptor to carve the 2 galleries (east and north). This gallery is not a good workmanship. The scene begins with the army of demons marched towards the center of the gallery. At the center, god Vishnu with 4 arms sits on the shoulder of Garuda. It’s a scene of carnage follows, god Vishnu slaughters the enemies on the both sides and disperses them. The leader of the demons mounted on the animals or rode in chariots drawn by horses or the griffins (Gajashimha) and surrounded by their soldiers.

 G. NORTH GALLERY (East part, 66 meters long) (The victory of Krishna over the demon king, Bana) It depicted the victory of Krshna eighth incarnation of god Vishnu over the demon king (Bana), capital “Sonitapura”. It derived from a religious sculpture Hiravamsa. At the beginning of the gallery Vishnu is in his incarnation as Krishna on Garuda (divine vulture), he had 8 arms with multiple heads and flanked by 2 heroes whose one of them is (Balarama) older brother of Krishna holding a plow as his weapon and another is his son (Pradyman). Garuda is extinguishing the fire set by the enemies in order to protect their town, and behind it we see Agni (god of fire), sitting on the rhinoceros (Asia book), but reverence (Bhang Kaht) said that is the demon king is on a rhinoceros. In the middle part we see Bana with multiple arms comes from the opposite direction and is riding in the chariot drawn by lions. Extreme right Krishna with (1,000 heads and arms) acroos his chest, kneels in front of Siva who sits on the mountain Kailasa with his wife Parvati and their sons (Ganesa and Skanda) and also god Brahman demanding to leave Bana survive. Siva said: eh! Krishna, you are very powerful of all living creatures in the world, I try to spare the life of Bana, what I mentioned is rally true. Krishna, replied with his soft-spoken word: please, you can let Bana wins because you demand to leave Bana survive, I am not better that Bana, I agreed with what you had mentioned.

 H. NORTH GALLERY (West part, 94 meters long) (The battle between the gods and the demons)
Mr. George Soedes considers this gallery depicted (21 Brahmanism gods) marched in procession and carrying traditional attributes and riding on their own vehicles. The gods identified by the conical headdresses and the demons by the crested headdresses. The names of the main gods are (Kubera), “god of wealth” with bows and arrows, sits on the shoulders of the demon. (Skanda), “god of war” with multiple heads and arms, sits on a peacock. Indra, “god of cloud” is standing on the elephant (Airavana). Vishnu with 4 arms sits on Garuda, Asura (Kalamani) with multiple heads shaking a sword. Yama, god of death or justice, carries a sword and a shied sits in a chariot drawn by water buffalo. Siva carries a bow and he stands on his bull “Nandin”. Brahma, god of the creator, on the sacred swan. Surya, god of sun is riding in a chariot pulled by horses. Varuna, god of the rain stands on a Naga with 5 heads.

 I. NORTHWEST PAVILION
The bas-reliefs in this pavilion depicts scenes from the life of Krishna, Vishnu and the Indian Epic (Ramayana).
 II. EAST PAVILION - Left hand side (south) : depicted Vishnu reincarnated as the four-armed Krishna sits on Garuda with his wife (Sahtyahbahma) returned from a successful campaign at (The Mountain Maniparvarta) where he took from the demon (Naraka). His army, attendants carry the spoils of the demon. - Center above the door : it is an interview of Rama, Lakshmana with monkey-king called (Sugriva) on the mountain (Himalayas) but by Mr. George Soedes said that it is (Komarmohaparvata) in order to win the support of the monkey-king. - Right hand side (north) : god Vishnu reclines on the snake Anata, which is floating on the cosmic water, but at the upper part of whose body and head are missing. We can see Vishnu’s wife (Lakshmi) sits at his feet. Lotus blossom grows from the body of Vishnu and at the upper part, we see Apsara carry the flowers glide around him. In the lower part, we see a group of 10 gods had come to ask for the new universe and paid homage to him, those gods are: Chandra (god of moon) is riding in a chariot drawn by horses. Surya (god of sun) he rides in a good chariot drawn horses and the god Kubera (god of wealth) on the demon. Braham (god of the creator) on sacred goose, and Skanda (god of war) is on a peacock, Agni or Varuna, Vayu) on horse. Indra (god of cloud) on an elephant with 3 heads (Airavana) and Yama (god of the death or justice) on a water buffalo and god Siva (god of the destroyer) on a bull (Nandin) and the last god is (Niruth or Kethu, god of bad deed) on a lion. III. WEST PART - Left hand side : Sita, Rama’s wife was in the arm of Ravana in (Asoka) forest. She was surrounded by female demons with long beaks. One day Hanuman (monkey-god) visited her and told her about the idea of Rama, in the near future she will be liberated from Sri-lanka to Ayodhya. The she gave Hanuman a ring that would prove to Rama the success. - Center above the door : depicted Rama in the midst of the monkey, flanked by Laskhmana, in order to take (Vibhisana, demon monkey) who betrayed his older brother, so that to join the army of Rama. - Right hand side : the return of Rama in the chariot that used to transport to Ayodhya after his victory. That chariot which fully and magnificently decorated drawn by the sacred swans, had been Kubera property and was stolen by Ravana.
 - In the lower part : depicted the monkeys accompany the chariot and also show the monkeys merriment.

 IV. NORTH PART
- Left hand side : a scene from the Ramayana: torture of Sita, wife of Rama when he doubts Sita’s fidelity on her return from Sri-lanka; she submits herself to trial by the fire in order to indicate her fidelity to Rama; when she was in the arm of Ravana at Sri-lanka; but finally she was unharmed because she could keep her fidelity to Rama.
 - Center above the door : Rama and Laksmana attacked a demon (Viradha), who attempted to kidnap Sita. - Right hand side : depicted the women’s quarters of a palace.

 V. SOUTH PART - Left hand side : a scene at the court of king (Janaka) and the rest of archery of which Rama is in the middle and become succeeded. On his right sits king Janaka and a priest with coiled hair, in front of Rama, Sita (was the daughter of king Janaka) at one side; beautifully dressed with her hair in 3 braids forming a coronet on her head and surrounded by her entourages. At the center shows Rama’s victory that is releasing the arrow on to a goal (a bird is perching on a wheel). - Center above the door : Rama and Lakshmana fight against a demon called (Kambhanda) whose body is simple but had a gigantic head. - Right hand side : god Vishnu with 4 arms who is receiving the homage paid by the flying Apsaras.
 I. WEST GALLERY (North part, 52 meters long) (Battle of Sri-lanka)
This scene is from Ramayana, is a long fierce struggle between (Rama and Ravana) that had 10 heads and 20 arms. The battle takes place in Sri-lanka and the end with the defeat of Ravana who kidnapped Sita as a hostage. The central figures are the monkey warriors who fight against the demons on the Rama’s side. The brutality of war is juxtaposed with graceful rendition of the monkeys. Central part: Rama was standing on the shoulders of (Hanuman or Surgriva) and surrounded by hail of arrows of the enemy; Lakshmana and Vibhisana both are standing quietly. The demon king Ravana with multiple arms and heads is in a richly decorated chariot drawn by griffins. Hanuman tries to come up to Ravana so that to grab his weapons. We see (Angata); son of Valin, tries to tear out the tusks of an elephant with 3 pointed headdresses, and Nila is buttressing on the heads of 2 lions. Finally, Rama gained the battle and Ravana was defeated (lost the war).

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BAPHUON TEMPLE

BAPHUON TEMPLE (Sva-ra-natry), “Golden Mountain”
 - Location : Baphuon is located 200 meters northwest of Bayon and south of Phimeanakas.
 - Access : enter and leave the temple from the east entrance.
 - Date : middle of the 11th century (1055-1066).
 - King : Udayadityavarman 2nd. - Religion : Hinduism.
- Art-style : Baphuon. - Clearance worked by Mr. Jean Commaille (1908-1914).
 - Protection worked by Mr. Henri Marchal (1916-1918).
 - Dismantle worked by Mr. Bernard Philippe Groslier (1960-1972).
 - A French team came to study and survey the temple in 1989.

 1. BACKGROUND
The grandeur of Baphuon as described by a Chinese diplomat (Zhou Da Guan) is unrecognizable in today because of the poor condition of the temple. This temple was formerly located at the center of “Yasodharapura 2” and surrounded by an earth embankment, but mostly ruined; except the second sandstone wall is (125 meters wide by 425 meters long), which had 2 gates. The temple connected to the south wall of The Royal Palace. An interesting feature of Baphuon is the bas-reliefs, which are scenes carved in Small Square and the narrative themes are realistic depictions of daily life and forest scenes.

 2. LAY-OUT
Baphuon is a single temple mountain situated on ah high base is of 50 meters high from the top to the bottom; that represented to “Mountain Meru” with 5 levels that are approximately the same size the first three levels are surrounded by sandstone galleries. The base of the temple is (90 meters wide by 115 meters long) and 5 meters in height. Baphuon was the sirst temple in which the stone galleries with a central tower called (The Copper tower or The Gold mountain: Sva.ra.natry) Zhou Da Guan said in 1296. The sandstone bridge, which linked to the main temple is (200 long by 2 meters wide and 1.5 meters high) flanked by two pools it was supported by 3 rows of short sandstone columns. If we pass the tow rectangular pools, we will see a rectangular paved pool is (28 meters wide by 37 meters long). In the courtyard of the first level there are two libraries on the left side and right side, but today is in poor condition. On the west side of the third gallery is almost disappeared and the pieces of stone had been taken into the shape of an unknown reclining Buddha: (Soy-nea-mudra) that spans the length of the west wall the heard is on the left facing the temple. It is an abstract form and the outline of this Buddha is difficult to distinguish. A stairway leading to the top in the middle of the Buddha.

 3. TOP LEVEL
The top level is (36 meters wide by 42 meters long) in poor condition. Originally, there was a central tower, which stored a linga: “Tri-pou-va-pa-chou-da-mony”. Each side of the stairway to the main tower is carved with fine animated figures.

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PHIMEANAKAS TEMPLE

PHIMEANAKAS TEMPLE “Golden Tower”
- Location : it located inside The Royal Palace, north of Baphuon and Bayon.
 - Access : enter and leave it from the Terrace of Elephant by using the east gate of the Royal Wall. - Date : end of the 10th century to the 11th century.
 - King : Rajendravarman 2nd (944-968), “Sivaloka”. Jayavarman 5th (968-1001), “Paramasivaloka”. Suryavarman 1st (1002-1049), “Nirvanapada”.
 - Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to Siva).
 - Art-style : Khleangs.
 - Clearance worked by Mr. Jean Commaille 1908 and Mr. Henri Marchal (1916-1918).
- Excavation work of the north pool by Mr. Maurice Glaize 1944.

 1. AREA
The Royal Plaza covers an area of about 15 hectares, surrounded by a strong laterite wall is (250 meters wide by 600 meter long and 5 meters high), with 5 gates, 7 meters high built by king Rajendravarman 2. Inside the Royal area there are 2 pools. West pool : is (45 meters wide by 125 meters long and 5.5 meters deep) for the men. East pool : is (25 meters wide by 50 meters long and 4.5 meters deep) for the women. They found 2 inscriptions on the second level of the temple that talking about the king Jayavarman 7th. - The first inscription : said about the religion that practiced by the Khmers, it also mentioned about the fig tree as “Trinity”, (the root is for Brahma, the trunk is for Siva, the branch is for Vishnu). - The second inscription : said about those who obtained Nirvana after having diffused a number of kindnesses and practiced the virtue of priest.

 2. BACKGROUND
The temple situated at the right center of The Royal wall. It was formerly covered by a Golden Pinnacle as “Chinese Diplomat Zhou Da Guan in 1292” described it as the golden tower. According to the legend believed that inside the golden tower, “there was a serpent with 9 heads, which was the earth master of the kingdom. It appears every night under the form of a beautiful lady with whom the king had to sleep with her every night in the main tower before he joined his wives and concubines in the palace. If the snake did not appear for one night, it would be the end of the king’s life. If the king failed to come for only one night he had to suffer the misfortune.

 3. LAY-OUT
The temple stood on a high rectangular laterite base (28 meters wide by 35 meters long) with 3 levels 12 meters high “first level is 4.6 meters high, second level is 4 meters high, third level is 3.4 meters high”, built by the king Jayavarman 5. The upper level is (23 meters wide by 30 meters long) which surrounded by a sandstone gallery (1 meter wide by 2 meters long) with 4 doors. The temple had 4 steep stairways one on each side of the base and flanked by sandstone lions and at the corners of all levels decorated with sandstone elephants on their pedestals, but mostly broken.

 4. UPPER PART (Gallery and Central Tower)
The gallery was built at the beginning of the reign of king Suryavarman 1st in (A.D 1002-1049) including the central tower. The gallery enclosed the upper area and the main tower. The main tower stood on a base with 3 levels and opening to the 4 cardical directions.

 A. NOTE
The inscription of the door framed of the east gate of the Royal wall, dated in 1011 under the reign of king Suryavarman 1st, said about “the promise of dignitaries of the kingdom; of which the text is closely attached to them; that is still in practice in the court of Cambodia today.

 B. 5 ZONES
- Southeast : Royal conference hall or home of priests.
 - Southwest : Royal court (king, queen and concubines).
 - Central part : Phimeanakas Temple. - Northwest : Private village of mandarins and nobleman. 
- Northeast : 2 pools.

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TA KEO TEMPLE (Ancestor Keo)

TA KEO TEMPLE (Ancestor Keo)
- Location : east of “Thommnon and Chau Say Tevoda”.
 - Access : enter and leave the temple from the east and south entrances.
 - Date : end of the 10th century to the early 11th century (1,000).
 - King : Jayavarman 5th (968-1001) and Suryavarman 1st (1002-1050).
 - Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to god Siva)
 - Art-style : Khleangs.
 - Clearance worked by Mr. Henri Marchal and Charle Batteur (1920-1922).
 - Posthumous name: Paramaviraloka and Paramanirvanapada.

 1. BACKGROUND
Ta Keo is one of the largest monuments in Angkor Park, that is never finished and the reason is still unknown. One story suggested the temple was hit by lightning. This temple separated the other monuments in The Angkor Group, because of the absence of decoration and especially the 5 towers were made of green sandstone, which is brittle and another one said all the 5 towers were originally covered by the coating of copper, but today nothing left.

 2. LAY-OUT
Ta Keo had a rectangular plan and stood on a high base with 5 levels supported the 5 square towers, 4 towers are at the corners and one tower is in the corner of the plan. The temple had a steep stairway on each of the 4 sides of the base. It was surrounded by a moat, but now dries up. There are 2 sandstone walls enclosed the temple. The first wall stood on the first level (2.2 meters in height) and the wall is (100 meters wide by 120 meters long) which had 4 entry gates that are in the shape of across. In the courtyard of the first wall, there are 2 rectangular sandstone halls (3 meters wide by 22 meters long) at the east side of the wall and serving for the pilgrims. The second wall (narrow gallery 1.5 meters wide) stood on the second level (5.5 meters in height) and the wall is (75 meters wide by 80 meters long) which had 4 entry gates are in the shape of across. In the courtyard at the east side there are 2 halls in the first level. Next to there halls there are 2 libraries that opening to the west. They found the inscription on the east gate of the first wall and the second wall dated in A.D 1007 (end of the 10th century to the early 11th century) and referring to the sandstone inscription was found in the southern library dated in A.D 893, which was the reign of the king Yasovarman 1st, saying that the temple was built in the reign of the king Suryavarman 1st (Madam Coral Remusat and Mr. Victor Goloubew and Mr. George Soedes). According to these facts and to the texts of the inscription Mr. Soedes supposed that Ta Keov symbolized the mountain (Hemakiri), “Golden Mountain” that used as “The Head Quarter of the Justice of the Mandarins” and another idea said, it also used as “The Center of the City”, (Ja-yen-dhra-nakari) of king Jayavarman 5th and later had taken up by king Suryavarman 1st. Well! The third level is (47 meters for each side and 58 meters in height). And the fourth level is (35 meters for each side and 4.5 meters in height). The fifth level is 30 meters for each side and 3.6 meters in height which supported the 5 towers). The total height is 21.6 meters for 5 levels.

 3. TOP LEVEL
The upper level supported the 5 towers, 4 towers are at the corners and one tower is in the center. The towers are without decoration and opening to the 4 directions.

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KHLEANGS

KHLEANGS
“The Store House or Royal Store”
- Location : Khleangs are located behind the 12 towers (Prasat Suor Proat) in front of The Terrace of Elephants and The Terrace of Leper King.
 - Access : enter and leave it from the west entrance.
 - Date : end of the 10th century to the beginning of the 11th century.
 - King : Jayavarman 5th and Suryavarman 1st (Nirvanapada).
 - Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to god Siva).
 - Art-style : Khleangs. 
- Clearance worked by Mr. Jean Commaille 1908 and Mr. Henri Marchal 1919-1920.
 - Posthumous name: 5th Paramaviraloka and 1st Paramaviravanapada.

 BACKGROUND
 The north Khleangs and south Khleangs consisted a pair of large sandstone towers that look quite grand against the jungle background. They are similar in time layout style and decoration.
- According to the inscription suggests that “The South Khleangs” was built slightly later that “The North Khleangs”.
 - Some scholars believed the name storehouse is in appropriate for these buildings and suggest they may have been built as (Reception Halls) for receiving the foreign dignitaries or princess.

 LAY-OUT
Both buildings are long rectangular structure with a porch in the shape of across in the middle of the east side and west side, and windows decorated with balustrades.
 North Khleangs : is 4.7 meters wide by 38 meters long. The workmanship of the architecture and decoration is more carefully executed that at The South Khleangs (Jayavarman 5th).
 South Khleangs : is 4.5 meters wide by 45 meters long and is unfinished but it stands on a mould base (Suryavarman 1st).

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BANTEAY SREI TEMPLE

BANTEAY SREI TEMPLE
(The citadel of the women) “Isvara-pura”
- Location : 25 kilometers (15.5 miles) northeast of Angkor Thom (Bayon).
- Access : enter and leave it from the east entrance.
- Date : second half of the 10th century (967).
- King : during the reign of Rajendravarman 2nd (944-968), “Sivaloka” with a priest (Yajnavaraha and Jayavarman 5th 968-1001), “Paramasivaloka” with a priest (Vishnukoma).
 - Religion : Hinduism (Siva). - Art-style : Banteay Srei.
 - Clearance worked by Mr. Henri Parmentier and Victor Goloubew in the year 1924.
 - Restoration by Mr. Henri Marchal (1931-1936).
 - Mr. Andre Malrau (Frenchman) stole some pieces of the sandstone carvings on December 1923.
 - A lieutenant, Marec, discovered it in 1914, Frenchman when geographical service was done.

 1. BACKGROUND
The enchanting temple of Banteay Srei is nearly everyone’s favorite temple. The special charm of this small temple lies in its remarkable state of preservation and excellence is of decoration. The unanimous opinion among the Frenchman (Maurice Glaize) archaeologist who worked at Angkor mentioned that Banteay Srei is “The Precious Stone or The jewel of Khmer Art”. Banteay Srei was built by a high priest (Yajnavaraha) and his brother (Vishnukoma) aon April or May 1967, the last year of the reign of Rajendravarman 2 and the beginning of the reign of his son Jayavarman 5th that was informed by the inscription that engraved in 968. They found it at the temple in the year 1936. The inscription also said about a Linga in the main tower (Sri-tribhuvanamahesvara) and another Linga in the south tower and an image of the god Vishnu in the north tower. Banteay Srei was a short temple which had 3 towers stood on side-by-side on a low common platform 1 meter high and opening to the east and the other 3 sides were false-door. The main tower was 9.8 meters high stored the statue of the god Siva and Uma and the north tower was 8.35 meters high kept the statue of god Vishnu and the south tower was 8.35 meters high that stored a Linga. 3 walls enclosed this temple. Well! Now we all enter the temple from the east entrance and walk through the cross-shaped laterite gate, its pediment depicted Indra (god of the sky and cloud) was riding on an elephant with 3 heads. After we walk through this entry gate, we can see sandstone pillars on its both sides formerly decorated a long dramatic laterite causeway. On the both sides of this causeway there are 2 laterite galleries, the pillars made of sandstone and the roof made of timber, but today nothing left. Behind the galleries to the south, there are 3 long parallel halls which were used as long halls for meditation. A pediment on the central hall depicted (Siva and Uma) was riding on a bull (Nandin). On the north side of the galleries there is a single hall with a superb pediment depicted the god Vishnu in his incarnation as the man lion (Narashimha) that tearing the demon king (Hiranyakshakashipu) who dared to compare to the god. At the end of the causeway on the right hand side, we can see a pediment lying on the ground in front of the east gate of the first wall, depicted the Indian story (Ramajana), when Sita, wife of Rama was kidnapped by Ravana (demon king). The first wall is (95 meters wide by 115 meters long) which had 2 entry gates (east and west), but the east gate we see the inscription dating from the year 968. The west pediment of this gate told the story of (Tilottama Apsara) was created by god in order to discord 2 brothers (Sunda and Upsunda) formidable Asuras who sowed harm in the universe and also mentioned the 2 brothers caught one Apsara and each claimed that she was his, it is the (Mahabahrata story). And was taken to (Guimet Museum in Paris). In the courtyard, there is a moat is always with water. The second laterite wall is (38 meters wide by 42 or 45 meters long) with 2 entry gates. The east entry gate is in the shape of across with 3 pediments that would recall the construction in wood, which are framed by large terminal scrolls. The pediments are in the same type which is found at Koh Ker 10th century and Preah Vihear 11th century in the north of Cambodia. The inner pediment of this gate also depicted (Shri), wife of Vishnu sat on a lotus flower between 2 elephants with raised trunks sprinkling holy water on her. In the courtyard of the second wall, we can see 6 laterite halls, 2 halls are on the east side and 2 on the west side and the other 2, one on the north and south, they were covered by timber-roof (nothing left) and may have served as rest houses. Next to this wall we can see the statue of Nandin (sacred bull) crouching in front of the east gate of the brick wall, which is (24 meters for each side) with 2 entry gates. The east pediment of the east gate depicted (Siva) dancing under the name (Nataraja) and on the side of Siva; we can see a skinny woman called (Karikalamaya). The lintel below it also shows the incarnation of god Vishnu (Kalkin, man-horse) prostrated 2 demons. The west pediment of the same gate talking about the goddess (Durga) with 8 arms aided by her lion, which fights against a buffalo monster (Mahing-Asura-madini) that is locked up by a snake. And the lintel below depicted the man lion (Narashimha) who fights against the demons.

 2. CENTRAL GROUP
In the courtyard of the brick wall we can see 2 libraries (left and right) which opening to the west.
 A. LEFT LIBRARY (South Library)
 East pediment : depicted Ravana with multiple arms and heads that try to shake the mountain (Kailasa) that is represented by a pyramid on a background of the stylized forest. Siva sits on his throne at the summit of the mountain when his wife Parvati cuddles up to him. Ravana wants to distract Siva’s meditation and shakes it with all his might. The creature and hermits and animals that live on the forests or mountain express their terror and flee into the jungle. On the first step the monkey raises his hand perhaps to warn Ravana, one day the monkeys will destroy him. At the summit Siva prepares to bring the whole weight of the mountain up on Ravana with his toe. The mountain falls on Ravana and crushes him under its mass. Ravana acknowledges Siva’s power and sings his praises fro 1,000 years. As a reward god Siva sets him free and gives him sacred sword (Ramayana Story). Wert pediment : depicted Siva on the top of Himalayas Mountain in meditating and living the life of an ascetic, Parvati tries to distract Siva, but she fails and is disappointed that he doesn’t notice her. The god ask (Kamadeva, god of love) to assist Parvati and help her distract Siva’s meditation. Kamadeva shoots one of his flowery arrows into Siva’s heart. Later, he is angry and shoots a fiery ray from his frontal eye, reducing Kamadeva to be ashes. A group of ascetics below Siva and guardians with human bodies and animal heads come to complete the scene.
 B. RIGHT LIBRARY (North Library)
East pediment : depicted Indra (god of the sky and cloud) who caused the scattering celestial rain (parallel rows of oblique lines) on the stylized forest inhabited by animals. Indra rides in a chariot drawn by an elephant with 3 heads and is surrounded by winds and clouds (wavy lines). A serpent rises in the mist of the rain. Krishna was a baby and his brother (Balarama) holding the shaft of a plough. This story was illustrated from a scripture (Hiravamsa). West pediment : the scene takes place at a palace and the theme concerns Krishna, who kills his cruel uncle king (Kamsa) because that king tries to kill him when he was a child. Krishna clutches king Kamsa by his hair and throws him off this throne. This palace decorated with 2 levels and was supported by columns. This story was illustrated from 2 scriptures (Bagavata Purana and Hiravamsa).

 3. DIVINITY AND DIVINE ON THE 3 TOWERS
A. MIDDLE TOWER
The male guardians are in the niches, their hair is swept up in a cylindrical chignon and they hold a lotus bud in one hand and a lance in another hand. North Lintel : it shows the battle between the monkeys (Valin and Sugryva). South Lintel : depicted a demon (Rakshashakmuka) disguised as a wild boar, was killed by (Arjuna and Siva), “Mahabharata”. East Lintel : Indra, god of rain is riding on an elephant with 3 heads (Airavana). West Lintel : Ravana (demon king) kidnapped Sita.
 B. NORTH TOWER AND SOUTH TOWER
Both towers were decorated with female divinities and have plaited hair, simple dress, heavy ear-ring that weighs down the earlobes and garlands of pearls that hang from their belts and their skirts are loosely draped.
 C. NORTH TOWER
North Lintel : depicted younger brother of (Arjuna called Hema or Pima) tears out the demon (Chakronta) into 2 pieces.
 West Lintel : god Vishnu with 4 arms that stood on the shoulders of Garuda (divine vulture). D. SOUTH TOWER West Lintel : Varuna (god of water and rain) is riding on a sacred swan (Hamsa). South Lintel : Yama (god of death and supreme court) is riding on a water buffalo.

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PRE RUP TEMPLE

PRE RUP TEMPLE
“Change or Turn the Body”
- Location : northeast of Srah Srong and south to the south dyke of The East Baray about 500 meters.
 - Access : enter and leave the temple from the east entrance.
 - Date : second half of the 10th century (961).
 - King : Rajendravarman 2nd (Sivaloka).
 - Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to god Siva).
 - Art-style : Pre Rup.
 - Clearance worked by Mr. Henri Marchal and Mr. George Trouve (1930-1935).
 - Posthumous name: Sivaloka.

 1. BACKGROUND
It was an excellent temple in style and decoration and made of laterite and brick and built several years later that (Mebon Temple, 9 years). It was represented to (The Mountain Meru) with 5 brick towers on top. According to the inscription told the date in A.D 961 and the name of Siva-Linga (Rajendra-bhadhresvara) which kept in the central tower (4.2 meters for each side) and another linga kept in the northeast tower (Rajendra-vemesvara). The others 3 towers formerly they kept the statues (Siva, Uma, Vishnu) and his ancestors and king Harshavarman 2 (Brahmaloka), his cousin brother. Mr. Philippe Stern (Frenchman) who worked on returning from Koh Ker (Preah Vihear Province) which was emigrated in the year (921-944). The Cambodians have always regarded this temple as having funerary association is still doubtful. The name Pre Rup, “changing the body” and it racalls one of the rituals of the cremation which the silhouette of the body was cremated and changed into another form that could reach his goal.

 2. LAY-OUT
The temple stood on an artificial mountain which had a laterite base with 3 levels (13.5 meters high) and 5 brick towers on the top. The plan is square and surrounded by 2 laterite walls, each one of which has 4 gates and in the courtyard of the wall, there are 6 brick towers divided into 2 groups (north group and south group) which stood on a common base and opening to the east side. The middle tower (5 meters for each side) is each of the 2 groups bigger than the other towers. The side of the brick is (16 centimeters wide by 30 centimeters long and 8.5 centimeters thick). They put it on with natural tree leaves and resin. The first tower of the north group, its bricks was used as a roadbed when the Frenchman built the grand circuit. The east lintel of the south tower of south group which depicted Vishnu in his incarnation as a man-lion (Narashimha) tore a part his opponent demon king (Hiranyakshakashipu) who claimed to have the same rank and right as god. The second wall is (75 meters wide by 85 meters long) with 4 gates. In the courtyard of this wall there are many rectangular laterite buildings that used as long halls for meditation by the priests and pilgrims. These building were formerly covered by timber-roof. In the northeast corner there is curious small square building which built of large blocks of laerite and opened to all 4 directions. And some art historians suggested this building was used as a place for cleaning the ashes of the dead person. The inscription of the temple was found in a gallery near this building, but it was brought to Siem Reap Conservation Office during 1995 for safekeeping. On the both sides of the east entrance of the second wall, there are 2 brick buildings opening to the west side, which would be libraries. Inside these 2 buildings, they found a stone block of 9 planets: (Chhandra, Surya, Vayu, Varuna, Skanda, Agni, Indra, Yama and Rahu). Between these 2 buildings we can see a stone tank is (1.9 meters wide by 3 meters long) which used as a pedestal of the sacred bull (Nandin) or a sarcophagus (Mr. Maurize Glaize 1936-1945), but Mr. Henri Parmentier mentioned it as a tank in which the legendary personage was burnt. The first level is (50 meters for each side and 6.7 meters high) which contained 12 small brick towers opening to the east side, each one of which had a Siva-Linga. And the second level is (40 meters for each side). And the third level is (35 meters for each side) made of sandstone and used as a base of the 5 towers.

 3. TOY LEVEL
There are 5 brick towers on top, 4 towers are at the corners and one tower is in the center of the plan. The temple stood on a high base with 3 levels and had 4 steep stairways on each of the 4 sides of the base and was flanked by sandstone lions on their pedestals. The 3 brick towers in the front row are decorated with the male guardians in niches and the other 2 towers in the back row are with the female guardians. The southwest tower on the east side has a depiction of the goddess (Sarasvati) wife of (Brahma) with 4 arms and 4 faces and on the west side, there is another goddess with 4 arms and 4 faces in the form of a wild boar is the wife of god Vishnu in his incarnation as (Varaha, wild boar).

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EAST MEBON TEMPLE

EAST MEBON TEMPLE
- Location : north of Pre Rup temple about 1,400 meters.
 - Access : enter and leave it from the east entrance.
 - Date : second half of the 10th century (952).
 - King : Rajendravarman 2 (944-968).
 - Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to Siva and the memory of the king’s parents).
 - Art-style : Pre Rup.
 - Clearance worked by Mr. Henri Marchal and Mr. Maurize Glaize 1935-1939.

 1. BACKGROUND
Mebon temple stood on a small man-made island is 250 meters in diameters and situated in the center of the East Baray called “Yasodharatataka”, (1.8 kilometers wide by 7 kilometers long and 3 meters in depth) with a volume of 40 million cubic meters of water that could feed the river of Siem Reap. The temple was formerly accessible only by boat. Today it becomes a vast plain of the rice field.

 2. LAY-OUT
The temple stood on the same axis of the east gate of Angkor Thom. The temple stood on a high laterite base with 3 levels and had 4 steep stairways on each of the 4 sides of the base and had 5 bricks towers on top; opening the east side. The first level is (130 meters for each side and 3.4 meters high) with 4 stairways on each of the 4 sides of the base and flanked by sandstone lions. A walkway on the first level is 5 meters wide around the first wall. The temple was surrounded by 2 laterite wall. The first wall is (120 meters for each side) with 4 across-shaped entry gates. A sandstone inscription was found inside the east gate of the first wall, but it was brought to The Angkor Conservation during 1995. We can see the beautiful monolithic sandstone elephants (2 meters high), which stood on the 4 corners of the first level. And in its courtyard, there are many rectangular laterite buildings, they were probably covered by timber-roof and used as long halls for meditation by priests. The walkway on the second level is 2 meters wide around the second wall is (95 meters for each side and 2.5 meters high) with 4 gates. On the 4 corners of the second level we see the beautiful monolithic sandstone elephants, but the one in the southeast corner is in the best condition. West lintel of the east gate of the second wall depicted Krishna who fights against a snake (Kalya) that lived in Ramanaka pond. In its courtyard, there are 8 brick towers, 2 towers are on each of the 4 sides and opening to the east and using for storing the Siva Linga. Besides the 8 brick towers and there are 5 rectangular laterite buildings are in the west side, opening to the east and other 3 buildings are in the east side opening to the west but the 2 buildings in the south axis where the 9 planets stone block was found (Chhandra, Surya, Vayu, Agni, Varuna, Yama, Indra, Skanda, Rahu). A west lintel on the northeast laterite building which has a depiction of the goodness Shri wife of god Vishnu, she was sitting on a lotus between 2 elephants. With raised trunks sprinkling holy water on her. East lintel on the west gate of the second wall has a depiction of god Vishnu in his incarnation as a man lion called (Narashimha) who tore a part of his enemy, demon king (Hiranyakshakashipu) who claimed to have the same right and ranks as god. The third level is (30 or 33 meters for each side and 2.3 meters high) made of sandstone which used as a base of the 5 towers (4 meters for each side).

 3. TOP LEVEL
There are 5 brick towers on top, 4 towers are at the corners and one tower is in the center opening to the east side.
 A. MIDDLE TOWER
 East lintel : has a depiction of god Indra is riding on an elephant with 3 heads (Airavana) and also showing the small horsemen on a branch of lintel and a small frieze of worshippers. West lintel : It depicted Skanda, god of war, he rides on his peacock. South lintel : god Siva rides on his sacred bull (Nandin). North lintel : depicted a goddess is on a lotus flower. The central tower formerly stored a Siva-Linga (Sri-rajendrasvara). B. NORTHWEST TOWER
East lintel : It depicted Ganesa, god of wisdom is curiously riding on his trunk which is transformed into his vehicle.
 C. SOUTHEAST TOWER
 North lintel : The head of a monster is vomiting a head of an elephant.

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BAKSEI CHAMKRONG TEMPLE

BAKSEI CHAMKRONG TEMPLE
“The bird that shelters under its wings”
- Location : is located 150 meters north of “Phnom Bakheng” and “80 meters from the road that leading to the south gate of “Angkor Thom”.
 - Access : a visit to “Baksei Chamkrong” can be combined with a stop at the south gate of Angkor Thom and walk to the temple from the east. Well! The stairs to the central towers are in poor condition, but the architecture and decoration of this temple can be viewed by walking around. Climb to the central tower should use the north stairway.
 - Date : middle of the 10th century (921).
 - King : Perhaps began by Harshavarman 1 (Rudraloka), and it completed by Rajendravarman 2 (947).
 - Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to Siva).
 - Art-style : Bakheng and Koh Ker.
 - Clearance by Mr. Henri Marchal (1919).

 1. BACKGROUND
 According to legend: a king fled during an attack on Angkor, but was saved from being caugh by the enemy when a large bird swooped down and spread its wings to shelter the king. The name of this temple derived from this legend. Baksei Chamkrong was the first temple mountain at Angkor built entirely of durable materials: brick, laterite stone, and sandstone. Inscriptions on the columns of the door were engraved in the reign of king Rajendravarman 2 (944-968), which give the date of the temple and mentioned the golden image of the god Siva.

 2. LAY-OUT
Baksei Chamkrong; which has a simple plan with a single tower on top. It was an artificial temple mountain stood on a high laterite base with 4 levels, 27 meters high from the top to the bottom. The base is 15 meters high and the brick tower is 12 meters high. A steep stairway on each of the 4 side of the base. The temple was enclosed by a brick wall is 45 meters for each side which had an entry tower at the east side; it is mostly broken.

 3. CENTRAL TOWER
The square central tower is built of brick 8 meters fro each side and stand on a sandstone base. It has one door opening to the east with three false-doors on the other three sides. As it is typical formula of the 10th century Khmer Architecture, the columns, lintels are made of sandstone. A vertical panel in the center of each false-door contains motifs of foliage on stems. The interior of this tower has a sunken floor and a domed shape roof. In the corners of the brick tower decorated with female divinities. East lintel: Indra (god of the sky and cloud) is riding on an elephant with three heard “Airavana”.

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PRASAT KRAVAN

PRASAT KRAVAN
- Location : east of Angkor Wat and south of Banteay Kdei.
 - Access : enter and depart from the west entrance.
 - Tip : the bas-reliefs of the towers are the best viewed in the morning when the light enters the doors from the east, in the afternoon, they are barely visible.
 - Date : completed during the reign of king Harshavarman 1st, it may have been built by a high court official in 921 (first half of the 9th century).
 - Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to Vishnu and Lakshmi).
- Art-style : Bakheng and Koh Ker (Kompong Tom).
 - Clearance worked by Henri Marchal 1929-1931 and Mr. George Trouve 1935.
 - Posthumous name: Rudraloka.

 1. BACKGROUND
The main point of interest at Prasat Kravan in the sculpture on the interior of the 2 towers amongst the 5 towers depicting “Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi”. The carvings on brick of the inferior of the central tower and the north tower are unique in the Khmer Art and Architecture. A Frenchman Mr. Bernard Philipe Groslier 1959-1960 reconstructed this temple. He came to Cambodia in the year (1959-1972).

 2. LAY-OUT
Kravan consists a group of 5 large towers stood on a low base and opened to the east. The column lintels are made of sandstone.

 3. CENTRAL TOWER The central tower has impressive carvings on the interior wall. It is 3.5 meters for each side where a Linga on a pedestal used to be there. Well! According to the inscriptions on the doorpost told the date 921 for the erection of the statue of god “Vishnu” on the interior of the main tower. On the both sides of the main tower at the east side is decorated with the male guardians in niches and some chevrons. 
On the east lintel : is adorned with a frieze of small heads. Inside the tower on the left, depicted god Vishnu in his Avatara, Vamana in gaining the world for the gods in his 3 steps. It is a standing image of Vishnu with 4 arms carried his attributes as are: a disc, a ball, a conch, a club. One of his feet rests on a pedestal near by a person is medication and another one is walking on a lotus holds by a woman on the background of undulating lines that representing the waves of the ocean.
On the right : god Vishnu in on the shoulders of Garuda between 2 worshippers. Facing Vishnu with 8 arms is framed with 6 registers of devotees. On the top is a giant lizard. This carving on brick was formerly coated with stucco and was probably highlighted with colors.

 4. NORTH TOWER It was dedicated to “Lakshmi” wife of “Vishnu”. She had 4 arms carried her own attributes and flanked by 2 kneeling devotees.

 5. SOUTH TOWER A lintel on the door depicted god Vishnu is riding on his vehicle Garuda.

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PHNOM KROM TEMPLE

PHNOM KROM TEMPLE
(The Mountain Below)
 - Location : southwest of Siem Reap province about 12 kilometers near Tonle Sap Lake. It is located dramatically on a hilltop (137 meters high).
 - Access : climb along the steep stairway or curved path through the foot of the hill.
 - Date : end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century.
 - King : Yasovarman 1st (889-910).
 - Religion : Hinduism (dedicating to the Hindu trinity: Brahma, Siva, Vishnu).
 - Art-style : Bakheng.
 - Clearance worked by Mr. Maurice Glaize (1938). 
- Posthumous name: Paramasivaloka.

 BACKGROUND
King Yasovarman 1st built a temple on each of the 3 hills dominating the plain of (Angkor Park), Phnom Bok (247 meters high), Phnom Bakheng (67 meters high) and Phnom Krom (137 meters high). It is preferable to see it in the early morning and towards the end of the afternoon. A visit to it can make a charming outing.

 LAY-OUT
It has a square plan and consists a group of 3 sandstone towers, which stood on side-by-side on a low common base and opening to the east and west side (sunrise and sunset), and each one of which had 2 false-doors on the north and south sides. The middle tower is (4 meters for each side) that dedicating to Siva and the other 2 towers are (3.4 meters for each side) that dedicating to Vishnu (north tower) and Brahma (south tower). Most of the towers are much degraded, but some parts still remain intact. The temple was surrounded by a laterite wall (40 meters for each side) with 4 gates in the shape of across. In the courtyard of the wall there are many rectangular laterite halls only the bases of which remain parallel to the wall. They may have been used as rest houses for pilgrims. Besides these rectangular laterite halls, there are 4 small buildings made of brick and sandstone opening to the west inside the courtyard of the wall, they were used as the chapels for the priests to make their meditation.

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PHNOM BAKENG

PHNOM BAKENG
 (In-drean-tri) (Big mountain dedicating to the main god)
- Location : 1,300 meters north of Angkor Wat and 400 meters south of Angkor Thom (south gate).
- Access : enter and leave Phnom Bakeng “67 meters high”, by climbing along steep path with some steps on the east side of the monument. It is possible to see the five towers of Angkor Wat in the east and (Phnm Krom) in the southwest Baray in the west.
- Date : late 9th century to the early 10th century (900?).
- King : Yasovarman 1st (Paramasivaloka) he had 2 sons, Harshavarman 1st (910-923, 900-944) and Isanavarman 2nd (923-928, 925-928).
- Religion : Hinduism dedicated to the god Siva.
- Art-style : Bakheng.
- Clearance worked by Mr. Henri Marchal (1919-1930). 
- Researched by Mr. Victor Goloubew (1931-1934).

 BACKGROUND
 After king Yasovarman 1st became king in the year 889, he found his own capital called (Yasodharapura) north west of “Rolous Group”, and he built Bakheng as his state temple. Bakheng is sometimes called “The first Angkor”. This capital was surrounded by a square earth embankment (4 kilometers for each side) enclosed an area of about 16 square kilometers, but today nothing left. The second fall is of laterite (440 meters wide by 650 meters long) enclosed the slop of the hill, but today is mostly broken. The third wall is of laterite (100 meters wide by 200 meters long) on the top of the hill.

 SYMBOLISM
Well! On the hill we can see the footprint on Buddha from 16th century. It’s enclosed in the cement and covered with a timber-roof. Next, on the right of the east entry tower of the third wall we see a stele from the same time of the temple. In the courtyard there are two libraries of sandstone opening to the west and on the wall of these libraries are identified by the rows of diamond-shape holes. The temple stood on a square pyramid base is (76 meters for each side), which had 5 tiers and the total height is 13 meters high. Each side of the base has a steep stairway. Seated lions flanked each side of the stairway. There are 44 brick towers around the base of the temple. 12 stone towers on each of the 5 tiers and there are 5 towers on the top level (1.6 meters high by 31 meter for each side) making a total of 109 towers in replica of (The Mountain Meru). And 12 stone towers on the different levels are represented to the 12-year-cycle of the animal zodiac. Excluded the central tower, the number of the 108 towers that symbolized the attitude, (Buddha 56, Dhama 38, Sangha 14). (Buddha: father 21, mother 12, brother 6, relative 7 and teacher 10). And another idea is that for the 108 pieces of the rosary or the 4 lunar phases with 27 days in each phase (crescent, half moon, oval shape and full moon).

 TOP LEVEL
There are 5 towers on the top level, 4 towers at the corners and one tower in the middle which contained “Devaraja Linga”, called Sri-Yaso-Dhare-Svara. This tower opened to all 4 directions and was covered by the timber-roof. And inscription (15 lines) is visible on the left-hand side of the north door dating from the king Jayavarman 5th (968-1001). It also mentioned about the construction of the king Yasovarman 1st. inside the main tower, they excavated a hole of 2 meters in depth that found a sarcophagus (0.8 meter wide by 1.4 meters long and 0.7 meters high), Mr. George Soedes said. The others 4 towers kept the Lingas too. Female divinities are decorated in the corners of the main tower.

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LOLEI TEMPLE

LOLEI TEMPLE
- Location : is at “Rolous”, north of Preah Ko temple and Bakong temple.
 - Access : enter and leave the temple from the stairs at the east side.
 - Date : end of the 9th century (893).
 - King : Yasovarman 1st (Paramasivaloka), (889-910?).
- Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to Siva) and the memory of the king’s farther.
 - Art-style : transitional between Preah Ko temple and Bakong temple.
 - Posthumous name: Paramasivaloka.

 BACKGROUND
The temple originally stood on as artificial island in the middle of a Baray called Indratataka (800 meters wide by 3,000 or 3,800 meters long, king Indravarman 1st dug it five days after the day of Indravarman 1st accession to the throne, but today it dries up. According to the inscription found at the temple the water of this Baray was for use at the capital “Hari-Hara-Laya” and for irrigation the plain in this area.

 LAY-OUT
It stood on a laterite base with 2 levels with low laterite walls, and had a stairway on each of the 4 sides. The base is 4 meters high with 4 stairways, each of which is 2.4 meters wide. The first level is (85 meters wide by 100 meters long) and 2.5 meters high. Well! At the right center of the laterite base, one can see 4 large brick towers situated on a low brick platform, these towers are divided into 2 rows, the front row and the back row, it is possible the original plan had 6 towers which probably shared on a common base like that at Preah Ko temple, but other 2 are missing. Today the northeast tower is the best preserved. The 2 towers in the front row are square (4.5 meters for each side) and decorated with male guardians holding the tridents and the other 2 in the back row are square too, but smaller (4 meters for each side) and decorated with female guardians holding fly-whisks or fly-swatters. They are sculpted in sandstone with a brick casing. All the towers opened to the east, and others three sides are false-doors that decorated with multiple figures. The inscriptions are on the doors of all 4 bricks towers. We noticed that the lintel of the northeast tower depicted Indra is riding on an elephant with figures and Makaras vomited serpents. The workmanship on the lintel is skilled and the composition balance. At the main center we can also see acroo-shaped sandstone channel for draining off the rainwater.

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BAKONG TEMPLE

BAKONG TEMPLE
- Location : Bakong is located at the Rolous Group south of Preah Ko Temple.
 - Access : enter and leave the temple from the east entrance and west entrance.
 - Date : late 9th century (881). - Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to Siva).
 - King : Indravarman 1 (877-889) posthumous name (Isavaraloka).
 - Clearance worked by Mr. Henri Marchal (1916-1933).
 - Restoration by Mr. Maurice Glaize (1936-1945), 1936-1943.

 1. BACKGROUND
Bakong temple was the center of the town Hari-Hara Laya, the name derived from the God Hari and Hara, (Vishnu and Siva). It is a temple mountain representing the cosmic “Mountain Meru” the residence of the gods. The five levels leading to the central sanctuary correspond to the worlds of mythical being are: Naga, Garuda, Raksasak, Yaksa, and Maharaja.

 2. LAY-OUT
The temple Bakong was built on as artificial mountain and enclosed by 3 walls made of laterite. It had a square base (65 meters for each side) with 5 tiers (15 meters high). The first wall is (700 meters wide by 900 meters long); but nothing left. In the courtyard of the first wall, there are 22 bricks towers, 6 bricks towers on the west, 4 bricks towers on the others three side (north, south, east), and the other 4 at the corners. During the restoration they found some lingas, statues of (Vishnu and Siva). Today those towers are in poor conditioned state. The second wall is (310 meters wide by 350 meters long) or (300 meters wide by 400 meters long) which had 4 entry towers, but we are only accessible the temple from the east and the west because they had causeway crossing the moat, and formerly on the both sides of each entrance was flanked by low Naga balustrades with 7 heads, but today is in a poor-conditioned state. The moat is (60 meters wide, 6.7 meters in depth) and a vast rectangular around the temple. The third wall is (115 meters wide by 150 meters long) or (120 meters wide by 160 meters long) which had 4 entry towers are in the shape of across. During the excavation they found 2 big statues of standing Vishnu with 4 arms in Bayon style inside the east entry tower of the third wall, but it was moved to Siem Reap Conservation Department. In the courtyard of this wall we can see 2 long laterite halls parallel to the eastern wall. They were probably used as rest houses for pilgrims, and there are 4 square brick buildings, 2 buildings located at the southeast and other 2 located at the northeast corners. They distinguished by rows of holes for ventilation and each one of which opened to the west they were served as the halls for medication by the priests. On each side of the causeway, just beyond the halls, there are 2 square structures with 4 doors. The inscription was found in the one on the right in the year 1935 by Mr. George Trouve (1933-1935). It talks about the erection of the Linga (Sri-Indresvara) in the year 881. Further along the causeway there are 2 long sandstone buildings covered by timber-roof, but which completely perished. They may have seen as the store-houses or libraries (Pustakasrama). There are 8 brick towers around the base of the pyramid, but 2 brick towers on each of the 4 sides of the base. The decoration on the towers with a heavy coating of stucco. The towers decorated with one door opening to the east and had 3 false-doors have a stairway on each of the 4 sides, and are decorated with crouching lions at the base. The 2 towers at the east have a unique feature, because each of which had a double sandstone base, the decoration on the false-door is fine, and especially that one on the right hand (in the front row); the false-door has remarkable Kala handles. All 8 bricks towers are decorated with female and male guardians in niches, but the lintels were partly derived from the style of Kulen. One of the eight bricks towers on the northeast. They found the statue of Siva and his two wives (Uma and Ganga), “Uma-Ganga-Patisvara”. It was kept in “Angkor Conservation Office” in the year 1965 by Mr. Bernard Philippe Groslier (1959-1972).

 3. CENTRLA AREA (Base and tower)
The square-shaped base has 5 tiers with a stairway on each of the 4 sides. Elephants stand at the corners of the 3 tiers of the base, 12 small sandstone towers identify the 4th tier; each of which originally contained a Linga. The 5th tier is framed by a mould-base, decorated with the bas-reliefs, but are mostly eroded, except the south part is still reasonably intact say about Vishnu prostrated 5 brothers of the demons are (Kandaka, Ukrayana, Kandara, Asoumachak, Virearkahangka).

 4. CENTRAL SANCTUARY
It is visible from each of the 5 levels because of the unusual with of the tiers. The tower was made of brick 270 meters high, but demolished down and at a later date was rebuilt during Baphuon style (second half of the 11th century). The tower was made of sandstone with one door opening to the east and other 3 doors are false-door and on the top decorated with a lotus-shaped top. The tower kept the Linga of Devaraja (God king), Sri-indresvara.
 - East lintel : Siva dancing under the name Nataraja.
 - West lintel : Vishnu was sleeping on Sesa, serpent.
 - North lintel : Lakshmana among the monkeys, was entwined by Indra it’s arrow in the form of the serpent.
 - South lintel : The churning of the ocean of milk, at the corners of this tower depicted some scenes from the life of Krishna.
 - (Krishna prostrated Kesin), horse.
- (Krishna-Simha), lion. - (Krishna-Dhenuka), bull.
- (Krishna-Kuvalayapida), elephant. The main tower was excavated by Mr. Henri Marchal (1935), 20 meters below the surface of the tower, but he found nothing.

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PREAH KO TEMPLE

PREAH KO TEMPLE (The sacred bull)
- Clearance : George Trouve in 1932.
 - Location : between Bakong and Lolei temples. It is midway between Bakong and the road.
 - Access : enter and leave the temple from the east.
 - Date : late 9th century (879).
 - King : Indravarman 1st (Isavaraloka).
 - Religion : Hinduism (dedicated to Siva), memorial temple built for the King’s parents and material grandparents, paternal grandparents, and king Jayavarman II (Paramesvara) and his wife.
 - Art-style : Preah Ko Temple.
 - Posthumous name: Icvaraloka.
 1. LAY-OUT
The name of this monument called “Preah Ko”, (the sacred bull), the vehicle of god Siva to whom the temple was dedicated. The temple was built of brick dating from the late 9th century in the year 879 dedicated to god Siva and the memory of the king’s predecessors. The temple consists a group of 6 brick towers stood on a common low platform and arranged into 2 rows, the front row and the back row; which opened to the east side (sunrise), and other three sides are false-door of sandstone. There are 3 walls enclose the temple with 2 gates (east and west). The first wall was made of laterite which is in poor conditioned state with only vestiges remaining. The first outer wall is (400 meters wide by 500 meters long), with square entry towers on the east and west and surrounded by a man-made ditch, which is usually with water, but it has plenty of aquatic plants such as are duck, weed, water hyacinth; however, it’s useful fro the villages to irrigate their daily life plants. The second wall was made of laterite too, which is (53 meters wide by 58 meters long), with 2 entry towers are in the shape of across, but the east entry gate stood on across-shaped laterite terrace, as we notice that, there is a remain of moonstone is note-worthy for its grateful form. In the courtyard of the wall we can see the bases of the 2 galleries, which run parallel to the east wall. On each of the causeway, and closer to it are 2 more galleries with a porch opening to the east (mostly ruined). Close to and parallel to the north wall and south wall of the enclosure, are 2 long halls for the pilgrims. Between the long hall and the gallery on the left is a square brick building. It may have been used as a place for the priests meditating. It is distinguished by rows of holes perhaps fro ventilation and a row of figures of ascetics in niches above the holes on the upper portion of the building. It formerly had a porch opening to the west direction. Continuing along the causeway, we can see a brick wall which has 2 entry towers one on the east and another one on the west. The third wall is (26 meters wide by 29 meters long) made of brick, which enclosed the main area. In the courtyard there are the remains of the 3 crouching sacred bulls aligned in a row.
 2. CENTRAL AREA
The base of the 6 bricks towers has 3 stairways along the eastern side. Sandstone lions on the both sides of the stairways guard the temple. The only stairway is on the west side. All 6 brick towers are square and opened to the east and other three sides are false-door. The towers are arranged into 2 rows are bigger that the 3 in the back. The 3 towers in the front row are fro the paternal ancestors with the male guardians flanking the doorways, the 3 towers in the back row are for material ancestors, and have the female divinities flanking the doorways. The names of the ancestors of the king Indravarman 1 as follow: - Sri-rudre-svara (maternal grand-father), “north tower in the front row.
 - Sri-rudre-devi (maternal grand-mother), north tower in the back row, (husband and wife).
 - Sri-paramesvara or Jayavarma II the middle tower in the front row.
 - Sri-dharanindradevi the middle tower in the back row, (husband and wife).
- Sri-ridtevindresvara (father), south tower in the front row.
 - Sri-ridtevindradevi (mother), south tower in the back row, (husband and wife).
 Well! The heavy coating of stucco covered the towers, which are still remaining today. The towers were made of brick, but the lintels, columns made of sandstone. The columns are octagonal. The lintel above the door of the tower in the front row on the right is decorated with small horsemen and figures mounted on serpents. Another lintel on the false-door of the middle tower of the back row on the west side has a Garuda in the center, surmounted by a row of small heads. The decorations of the 3 brick towers in the front row are decorated with the 3 in the back row because the 3 towers in the back row are of female figures of stucco. The decoration of Preah Ko is nearly the same decoration of (Sambor-Preikuk). Preah Ko was built under the reign of the king Indravarman 1, after king Jayavarman 2 had moved the capital from Kulen Mountain (Sivapada).

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PRASAT PREY MONTY

PRASAT PREY MONTY
 - Location : south of Bakong, Preah Ko and Lolei Temples.
 - Access : enter and leave it from the west entrance.
 - Date : 8th century to the beginning of the 9th century.
 - King : Jayavarman 2nd. - Religion : Hinduism (Siva).
 - Art-style : transitional between Kompong Preah (8th century A.D 706, 800) and Kulen style (first half of the 9th century A.D 802-850). BACKGROUND It contained a group of 3 brick towers and stood on side-by-side on a low common base of laterite and each one of which had one door opening to the east side and the other 3 doors are false doors. The lintels columns were made of sandstone. It formerly surrounded by a brick wall, but today only vestiges remain. A sandstone tank can be seen in the northeast corner of this temple, which was used as a tank of curative power fro healing the sick person (the king).

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AK YUM TEMPLE

AK YUM TEMPLE - Location : south of the south dyke of the west Baray. - Access : enter and leave it from the south dyke of the Baray. - Date : 7th century to 9th century (609, 704,800). - King : Jayavarman 1st and Jayavarman 2nd. - Religion : Hinduism (Siva). - Art-style : Kompon Preah. - Clearance and excavation by Mr. George Trouve 1933-1935. BACKGROUND Ak Yum Temple was built of brick, which stood on a high base with 3 levels, opened to the east with 3 false doors and formerly covered by timber-roof and enclosed by a brick wall, but today only vestiges remain. Every level consisted 4 brick towers, which makes a total of 12 brick towers. It was one of the pre-historic sites in the Angkor Park. According the inscription found on the pillars give the details of the date (609, 704, and 800) for Ak Yum Temple. Evidence of a Siva linga and some sacred depository has also been found in this site.

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PRASAT PREI KHMENG

- Location : west of the West Baray and located in Prei-Khmeng Village.
 - Access : enter and leave the temple from the south footpath.
 - Date : second half of the 7th century (635 or 700).
 - King : Bhavavarman 2nd.
 - Religion : Brahmanism (Siva).
- Art-style : Prei Khmeng. LAY-OUT It had only one tower made of brick and stood on a low common base and opened to the east side. The tower was made of brick and the columns, lintels doorposts were made of sandstone. Today the whole temple is in the ruined state and become a hillock.

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Bayon Temple

(late quarter of the 12th century and early 13th century: 1177-1230), king Jayavarman 7, Monument: Bayon Temple. In this style the Khmer art and architecture had been failed because of the temples created fast and on the other hand the stones are inferior quality to those of the earlier time and especially the plan of Bayon Temple was very complicated and disorganized for several times. Bayon Temple was as artificial temple mountain which stood on a high base with 3 levels but the first 2 levels are surrounded by sandstone galleries and the third levels which comprises 25 meters in diameters used as the base of the main tower (45-47 meter high). The other temples stood on the ground level as like the monasteries for installation the statue of Buddha. The special feature of Bayon Temple and its style connected with the 4 great popular stone faces of Avalokitesvara and the gigantic figures of god and demons stand on the both sides of the gates or Angkor Thom City.
 - The pillar : the pillar are decorated with the female divinities (Apsaras). 
- The gallery : the gallery of bas-reliefs depicted from the scenes of daily life and the battle between the Cham fleet and the Khmer troops in the year 1177-1181.
 - The architecture material: (wood, laterite, sandstone and some reused stone).
 - The lintel : the lintels are similar to those of the Angkor style.
 - The column : most of the artists are frequently carved with leaves and finger rings.
 - The pediment : the pediments are similar to those of Angkor style.
    The pediments depicted the legend of Buddha
- The statue : the male and female statues reached their summit and their shapes are not elegant but their facial expressions are elegant as such are the statues of Buddha. Avalokitesvara and king Jayavarman 7. These statues with their eyes glowered down and looked meditation but gently smiled by the want to see the smile of Bayon Temple.
 - The male statue : the male statues with short skirts.
 - The female statue : the female statues with flowery skirts which hung down to the ground with quiet and gently smiled but the torso and the costumes are not elegant. Besides the Naga balustrades with decoration and the guardians are similar to those fo the Angkor style and sometimes they found the lion head are divergent.

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ANGKOR WAT TEMPLE

(first half of the 12th century: 1100-1175), king Suryavarman 2, Monument: Angkor Wat Temple. In the first half of the 12th century, the Khmer empire architecture and art reached the top. The highest achievements are in the architecture the ornamentation of buildings and the Bas-reliefs. Angkor Wat was the only artificial temple mountain stood on a high base with 3 levels and surrounded by the sandstone galleries of the bas-reliefs and the top level supported the 5 towers. It was the mausoleum of king Suryavarman 2 and oriented to the west to conform the symbolism between the sunset and death. The other temples were on the ground level and faced towards to the east. Angkor Wat occupied a rectangular area of about 195 hectares for the whole complex. A laterite wall is (800 meters wide by 1025 meters long with 4 gates) that enclosed the temple and covered an area of about 82 hectares. The gallery of bas-reliefs depicted the scenes of god Vishnu and Krishna with 4 arms in the Hindu Epic “Mahahbahrahtah” god Vishnu intervenes in his incarnation as the four-armed Krishna as the charioteer of Ajuran commander of Pandava army. The churning of the ocean of milk that churned by gods and demons to generate Amrita (the elixir of life), the battle between the gods and demons and Ramayana story and another was a historic story identified king Suryavarman 2 mounted on an elephant and raised and army to the battlefield (Joun Dayveit). Angkor Wat Temple has 1850 Apsaras (female dancers), but are differentiated and classified 36 kinds of hairstyle decorated with abundant jewelry… etc. - The lintel : the lintels are similar to those of the Baphuon style and the middle part of the lintel comedown again with remarkable Kala handles and on each end of the lintels carved volute carvings. At the end of this style most of the lintels are decorated with real leaves in the shape of parallel hooks. - The column : the columns have 16 sections are round and ornamented by leaves. - The pediment : the pediments are similar to those of the Baphuon style. The pediments also depicted the scenes from god Vishnu legend. On the half of the pediments of Angkor Wat depicted the scenes from other stories such as are (Tupi: king of water buffalo) battles against (Vali: monkey king) which take place on the first level. - The pilaster : the pilasters are adorned with motifs and tendril carvings. - The statue : the statues are plump and stocky with facial expression are square and gently smile. The male statue with short skirts and the female statue with pleated skirts and well-light skirts with a star on each with abundant jewelries and crowns with a conical headdress and the hair coiled up. The Naga Buddha is frequently found in Angkor style with abundant jewelries.

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